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Twelve Olympians
In the ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, the Twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly considered to be Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes and either Hestia, or Dionysus.〔Hansen, (p. 250 ); Burkert, pp. 125 ff.; Dowden, (p. 43 ); Chadwick, (p. 85 ); Müller, (pp. 419 ff. ); Pache, (pp. 308 ff. ); Thomas, (p. 12 ); Smith, (p. 362 ); Long, (pp. 140–141 ).〕 Hades and Persephone were sometimes included as part of the twelve Olympians (primarily due to the influence of the Eleusinian Mysteries), although in general Hades was excluded, because he resided permanently in the underworld and never visited Olympus.
==Concept==
The Twelve Olympians, also known as the ''Dodekatheon'' ((ギリシア語:Δωδεκάθεον，δώδεκα),〔Used rarely, in Byzantine Greek, e.g. by Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos, Athanasius of Alexandria or Ducas.〕 ''dōdeka'', "twelve" and θεοί, ''theoi'', "gods"), were the principal deities of the Greek pantheon, residing atop a mythical Mount Olympus. The Olympians gained their supremacy in a war of gods in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the Titans.
The concept of the "Twelve Gods" is older than any extant Greek or Roman sources.〔Burkert, p. 125.〕 The gods meet in council in the Homeric epics, but the first ancient reference to religious ceremonies for the Olympians collectively is found in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. The Greek cult of the Twelve Olympians can be traced to 6th-century BC Athens and probably has no precedent in the Mycenaean period. The Altar of the Twelve Gods at Athens is usually dated to the archonship of the younger Pesistratos, in 522/521 BC.
In ancient Greek religion, the "Olympian Gods" and the "Cults of Twelve Gods" were often relatively distinct concepts.〔C.R. Long, ''The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome''〕
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